Veliko Tarnovo is located in Bulgaria's North-Central Region, alongside Pleven, Lovech, Ruse, and Gabrovo. It also shares borders with Targovishte, Sliven, and Stara Zagora provinces. The area is divided into 10 municipalities, encompassing a total of 333 settlements, including several villages with fewer than 50 residents, typical for the region. There are 14 towns within Veliko Tarnovo, with Veliko Tarnovo itself being the largest, followed by Gorna Oryahovitsa, Pavlikeni, and the Danube port of Svishtov. The region spans 4,662 square kilometers, constituting 4.2% of the national territory.[9] The history of the capital city, also called Veliko Tarnovo, is evident in archaeological discoveries that date back over five millennia. Notably, in 1185, Veliko Tarnovo was designated as the capital of the revitalized Bulgarian state by the brothers Asen and Petar. Thus, several historical and cultural landmarks attract tourists and visitors to the city.[7] Apart from historical and cultural attractions, people visiting Veliko Tarnovo may enjoy its nature as well. One of the local outdoor destinations is the Emen Canyon, featuring a variety of waterfalls and caves.[5] Geographically, Veliko Tarnovo is comprised of various landscapes, including mountains, hills, and flat terrains.[4] Presumably, the best time to visit is in May and September, when the average temperatures range from 20°C to 25°C.[6]
In Northern Bulgaria, Veliko Tarnovo is a town that bears historical significance, as its history dates back over five millennia. The Tsarevets fortress atop a hill offers a glimpse into its past, while Trapezitsa Hill continues to reveal historical treasures.
Known for its numerous Orthodox temples, such as the St. Forty Holy Martyrs church, Veliko Tarnovo was a hub for Bulgarian intellectuals during the 18th and 19th centuries and played a role during the April Uprising of 1876 against Ottoman rule.
After Bulgaria's liberation in 1878, Veliko Tarnovo briefly served as the country's capital and shaped its early governance. Several museums showcase its history and culture, including the Archaeological Museum and the Museum of Revival and Constituent Assembly. In the vicinity, people can explore the Nikopolis Ad Istrum archaeological site and the architectural reservation of Arbanasi.
Veliko Tarnovo is known for its "Sound and Light" performance on Tsarevets Hill, recounting Bulgaria's history. Nature enthusiasts can explore the area's eco-paths for outdoor activities, including rock climbing, mountain biking, horseback riding, fishing, and swimming.[7]
Emen Canyon, situated 20 kilometers from Veliko Tarnovo in Northern Bulgaria, is a natural attraction known for its limestone-carved landscapes. This protected reserve features rapids, waterfalls, and a legend tied to the Momin Skok (Girls' Leap) waterfall. Emen Canyon also houses one of Bulgaria's deepest caves, Emen Cave, exhibiting signs of ancient human habitation. Over the years, it served various purposes, from mushroom farming to cheese production and even briefly as a military base turned restaurant.
The Emen ecological trail, starting in the village of Emen, provides access to the canyon for visitors.[5]
The Hotnitsa Waterfalls & Ecotrail, situated 15 kilometers from Veliko Tarnovo, represent another option for people seeking natural attractions. Known locally as Kaya Bunar, this eco-trail winds through a mostly forested area, providing shade during warm summer days.
Visitors can plan for a walk along the trail, which typically takes about an hour and a half to cover. The surroundings can provide the means for a picnic, and it is advisable to carry ample water for the journey. Refreshments are also available at the Coffee Shop before embarking on the trail.[8]
Veliko Tarnovo Province is situated in Central Northern Bulgaria, covering a total area of 4,661,572 decares, equivalent to 4.2% of the country's landmass. Geographically, the Veliko Tarnovo area has a mix of mountainous, hilly, and flat terrains. The region boasts diverse fertile soils, including black soil and gray forest. To the north, the province is bordered by the Danube River, with Svishtov serving as a vital port city connecting Bulgaria to Central European countries via the Danube.
In terms of local vegetation, Veliko Tarnovo is home to numerous forests that harbor a range of game species. Additionally, the ecological situation in Veliko Tarnovo is reportedly improving due to the absence of significant environmental pollutants. Consequently, agricultural products from the district are known for their ecological cleanliness.[4]
One of the local natural areas is the Emen Canyon, situated in the foothills of Bulgaria's Central Balkan Range. Carved by the Negovanka River, this territory provides a landscape characterized by rapids, waterfalls, pools, and recesses enclosed by cliffs that soar up to 90 meters high.
The canyon is divided into two distinct parts, known as the Upper and Lower Boaz, starting south of Novo Selo village and concluding near the village of Emen, where the valley takes a steep ascent. Recognized for its natural value, the region was designated a protected reserve in 1980.
Deep within the canyon is an Emen Cave, one of Bulgaria's deepest caves, extending 3,113 meters. This historic cave dates back to the Neolithic Age, with artifacts spanning the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Antiquity. Over time, the cave was utilized for various purposes.
The Emen Canyon is also vital as a habitat for bats, though their populations have declined in recent years.[5]
Concerning the local climate in Veliko Tarnovo, the months of May and September typically offer weather with average temperatures ranging from 20°C to 25°C. On the other hand, July and August are usually the warmest months, with higher temperatures. Conversely, January is the coldest month, with an average maximum temperature of 5°C.
Moreover, from March to July, there is a heightened chance of precipitation, with May being the wettest month. Conversely, August experiences the least amount of rainfall.[6]
Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria's ancient city, traces its history back over 5,000 years. The city served as a stronghold during the First Bulgarian Empire. Later, the Uprising of Asen and Peter began there, leading to the Second Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as its capital. Veliko Tarnovo developed into Bulgaria's political, economic, and cultural center during the High and Late Middle Ages. Tsarevets fortress dominated the city, and it even claimed to be the Third Rome, with extensive cultural influence. Notably, the discovery of Gothic statuettes hints at a Catholic church presence in the city.[1]
In 1598, the First Tarnovo Uprising erupted, resulting in the coronation of Shishman III as king. However, the uprising was quelled, and several leaders fled north of the Danube or perished. In 1686, the Second Tarnovo Uprising, led by Rostislav Stratimirovich, briefly flared up but was also suppressed.
During this era, Tarnovo experienced a revival. Administratively, Tarnovo was divided into several districts. In 1877, Lyuben Karavelov established Tarnovo's first printing house.[2]
After Bulgaria's Liberation, from the late 19th to early 20th century, Veliko Tarnovo played a role in the country's political and cultural life. It was where the Tarnovo Constitution was drafted in 1879, and Prince Alexander Battenberg was elected head of state. In 1908, King Ferdinand I declared Bulgaria's independence there.
Although not chosen as the capital, Veliko Tarnovo saw urban development. Various architectural styles influenced the construction of buildings, with the main street featuring modern architectural styles including "Secession," "Neoclassicism," and "Neo-Renaissance."
Two earthquakes in 1913 and 1928 caused damage and led to structural changes in the city. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the town stabilized and continued construction. However, political events, such as the 1934 coup and World War II, disrupted further development.[3]
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